HS2022 Chapter 12: Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruit; industrial or medicinal plants; straw and fodder — Practical Working Guide

  • Target (as requested): HS2022 Chapter 12
  • Chapter title (JP, ref only): 採油用の種及び果実、各種の穀物、種子及び果実、工業用又は医薬用の植物、わら及び飼料
  • Chapter title (EN): Oil seeds and oleaginous fruits; miscellaneous grains, seeds and fruit; industrial or medicinal plants; straw and fodder (wcoomd.org)
  • Country / practical assumption: Japan / Both (Import & Export) (used only for “Section 10” compliance examples; HS classification itself is global at HS6)
  • Main assumed products & use cases (examples): oil seeds for crushing (soy/rapeseed/sunflower/sesame), seeds for sowing (vegetable/flower/grass), hop cones for brewing, dried herbs/roots for tea or pharma inputs, seaweeds, sugar beet/cane, animal fodder (hay/alfalfa meal/pellets). (wcoomd.org)

0. Bottom line first: What is in / not in this Chapter (ultra-summary)

  • Typical examples INCLUDED in this Chapter (3–6):
    • Soybeans (whether or not broken) (Heading 1201). (wcoomd.org)
    • Sesame seeds / mustard seeds / poppy seeds / melon seeds (Heading 1207). (wcoomd.org)
    • Seeds, fruit and spores used for sowing (Heading 1209) (but see important exclusions in Chapter Note logic). (wcoomd.org)
    • Hop cones (Heading 1210). (wcoomd.org)
    • Dried plants/parts used primarily in perfumery, pharmacy, insecticidal/fungicidal use, etc. (Heading 1211). (wcoomd.org)
    • Seaweeds and other algae fit for human consumption (unprepared) (Heading 1212). (wcoomd.org)
  • Typical examples commonly EXCLUDED (3–6; include likely alternative Chapter/Heading):
    • Vegetable oils (e.g., crude/refined soybean oil, rapeseed oil) → Chapter 15. (wcoomd.org)
    • Oil-cake / residues from extraction of vegetable fats or oils → typically Headings 2304–2306 (not 1208). (wcoomd.org)
    • Roasted/salted peanuts or prepared seeds/snacks → typically Chapter 20 (prepared/preserved plant products). (wcoomd.org)
    • Medicaments made from plants (measured doses / retail packs / therapeutic preparation) → Chapter 30, not 1211. (wcoomd.org)
    • Seaweed prepared as fertiliser → Chapter 31; certain “cultures”/microorganisms → Headings 2102/3002, not 1212. (wcoomd.org)
  • The top practical decision points (1–3):
    1. Processing state: raw/dried/cut/crushed vs prepared/roasted/extracted/chemically treated (processing often pushes you out of Chapter 12). (wcoomd.org)
    2. “For sowing” vs “for consumption/processing”: many oilseeds have “seed” subheadings inside 1201–1207; Heading 1209 has important exclusions. (wcoomd.org)
    3. Note-driven exclusions: 1208 vs 2304–2306; 1211 vs Chapters 30/33/38; 1212 vs 21/30/31. (wcoomd.org)
  • (Optional) Situations where misclassification tends to be “high-cost” in practice:
    • CITES-sensitive plant materials (e.g., African cherry bark now singled out at HS6) → permit/document issues and seizures/holds risk. (wcoomd.org)
    • Plant quarantine triggers (seeds/grains/straw/hay) → inspection and potential prohibition/treatment needs. (農林水産省)
    • RCEP/CPTPP/EPA origin work when agreement PSR uses an older HS edition (HS2012/HS2017) → wrong PSR selection if you don’t map codes. (international.gc.ca)
    • Food import notifications (edible seeds/seaweed) → administrative delays if you treat it as “industrial input”. (mhlw.go.jp)
    • Controlled plant materials (e.g., coca leaf/poppy straw appear as named items in 1211) → potential strict prohibitions/permits. (wcoomd.org)

1. How to reach this Chapter (classification logic)

1-1. Core classification rules (where GIR matters)

  • GIR 1 & GIR 6 are the workhorses here in practice:
    • First, classify by the heading text + Section/Chapter Notes (GIR 1 concept).
    • Then, classify at the subheading (6-digit) level using the subheading texts and related notes (GIR 6 concept).
  • Key “don’t classify by product name only” perspectives (what usually changes the code):
    • Botanical identity (species/plant part: seed vs root vs leaf vs bark). (wcoomd.org)
    • Condition & processing (fresh/dried/chilled/frozen; whole/broken; crushed/ground; roasted/cooked; defatted; prepared). (wcoomd.org)
    • Primary intended use (oil extraction vs sowing vs food vs perfumery/pharmacy vs fodder). (wcoomd.org)
  • Terms (use consistently in this guide):

1-2. Decision flow (pseudo flowchart)

  • Step 1: Is it a vegetable product that is mainly seed/fruit/spore/plant part/straw/fodder, and not an extracted oil, prepared food, chemical product, or medicament?
    • If it’s an oil/fat → check Chapter 15. (wcoomd.org)
    • If it’s a prepared/preserved snack/food → check Chapter 20/21. (wcoomd.org)
  • Step 2: Identify the “bucket”:
    • Oil seeds / oleaginous fruits (1201–1207)
    • Flours/meals of oil seeds (1208) (but not oil-cake residues)
    • Seeds for sowing (1209) (with exclusions)
    • Hop cones (1210)
    • Industrial/medicinal plants & parts (1211)
    • Seaweed / sugar beet/cane / chicory, etc. (1212)
    • Straw & husks (1213)
    • Fodder products (1214) (wcoomd.org)
  • Step 3: Check note-driven “flip points”:
    • 1208 vs 2304–2306 (residues/oil-cake). (wcoomd.org)
    • 1209 vs 1201–1207 (some “for sowing” seeds stay in oilseed headings). (wcoomd.org)
    • 1211 vs Chapters 30/33/38 (medicaments/perfumery/chemicals). (wcoomd.org)
    • 1212 vs 21/30/31 (cultures/medicaments/fertilisers). (wcoomd.org)
  • Common boundary disputes (e.g., boundary between Chapter X and Chapter Y):
    • Chapter 8 vs Chapter 12: edible nuts/fruits (0801/0802) vs “oil seeds/oleaginous fruits” (1207) (note-driven). (wcoomd.org)
    • Chapter 15 vs Chapter 12: extracted oils (15) vs seeds/fruits (12). (wcoomd.org)
    • Chapter 23 vs Chapter 12: oil extraction residues (23) vs flour/meal (1208). (wcoomd.org)
    • Chapter 30/33/38 vs 1211: when plants/parts become medicaments, perfumery products, or chemical preparations. (wcoomd.org)
    • Prepared edible seaweed: unprepared seaweeds (1212) vs prepared foods (often Chapter 20/21). (wcoomd.org)

2. Main Headings (4-digit) and what they cover

2-1. Table of key 4-digit Headings (REQUIRED)

Heading (4-digit)Plain-English summaryTypical examples (products)Key decision criteria / exclusions / cautions
1201Soybeans, whether or not brokensoybeans for crushing; soybeans for sowing“For sowing” may be a subheading inside 1201; confirm intended use + evidence. (wcoomd.org)
1202Ground-nuts (peanuts), not roasted/cooked, whether or not shelled/brokenraw peanuts in shell; shelled raw peanuts; peanut seedRoasted/cooked/prepared peanuts move out (often Chapter 20). (wcoomd.org)
1203Copradried coconut kernel (copra)Distinguish from fresh coconuts (often Chapter 8). (wcoomd.org)
1204Linseed (flaxseed), whether or not brokenflaxseed for oil; flaxseed for foodProcessing/preparation may move out. (wcoomd.org)
1205Rape/colza seeds, whether or not brokencanola (low erucic); rapeseedLow-erucic definition is note-based (lab/spec evidence needed). (wcoomd.org)
1206Sunflower seeds, whether or not brokensunflower seed for oilPrepared snack sunflower seeds may move to Chapter 20. (wcoomd.org)
1207Other oil seeds and oleaginous fruits, whether or not brokensesame; mustard; poppy; melon seeds; cottonseed; castor; safflower; shea nutsChapter Note 1 clarifies scope; also check nut/fruit boundaries. (wcoomd.org)
1208Flours and meals of oil seeds or oleaginous fruits (excluding mustard)soybean flour/meal (non-residue); sunflower meal (non-residue)Excludes oil-cake/residues of 2304–2306 (note-driven). (wcoomd.org)
1209Seeds, fruit and spores used for sowingvegetable/flower seeds; grass seeds; forest tree seedsExcludes products of 1201–1207 (even if for sowing) and also excludes 1211 & 1212 items. (wcoomd.org)
1210Hop cones, fresh/dried, ground/powdered/in pelletshops for brewingIf further processed into extracts, check other chapters (often 13/21 depending form). (wcoomd.org)
1211Plants/parts used primarily in perfumery, pharmacy, insecticidal/fungicidal use, etc. (fresh/dried/chilled/frozen; may be cut/crushed/powdered)ginseng roots; mint leaves; liquorice roots; coca leaves; poppy straw; African cherry barkExcludes medicaments (30), perfumery/cosmetics (33), insecticides preparations (3808). (wcoomd.org)
1212Locust beans; seaweeds; sugar beet/cane; chicory roots; fruit stones/kernels; other vegetable products for human consumption n.e.s.dried kelp; sugar cane for chewing; unroasted chicory rootsExcludes cultures/microorganisms (2102/3002) and fertilisers (31). (wcoomd.org)
1213Cereal straw and husks (unprepared), whether or not chopped/ground/pressed/in pelletswheat straw; rice husks; barley husks“Pellets” meaning is defined at Section level (binder ≤3%); heavy binders may push classification elsewhere. (wcoomd.org)
1214Swedes, mangolds, forage roots, hay, lucerne (alfalfa), clover, etc.; whether or not in pelletsalfalfa meal/pellets; hay; forage rootsAgain, “pellets” definition matters; if it becomes a compound feed preparation, check Chapter 23. (wcoomd.org)

Source note: Heading scope and Chapter Notes summarized from WCO HS2022 Chapter 12 legal text extract. (wcoomd.org)

2-2. Operationally important splits at the 6-digit Subheading level (REQUIRED)

Below are 5 common “where the split happens / info needed / mistake pattern” groups (HS6 examples are illustrative; always confirm exact HS6 text in your working tariff).

  1. “For sowing” inside oilseed headings vs Heading 1209 (sowing seeds)
    • Where the split happens:
      • Many oilseeds have “seed” subheadings (e.g., soybeans/peanuts/cottonseed).
      • Heading 1209 covers seeds for sowing but excludes products of 1201–1207, even if used for sowing. (wcoomd.org)
    • Information needed to decide:
      • Intended use (sowing vs crushing/food), viability, treatment/coating, labeling/packaging (seed trade documents).
      • Exact crop type: e.g., “ground-nut seed” belongs under Heading 1202 rather than 1209 (note logic). (wcoomd.org)
    • Typical mistake pattern:
      • Putting all sowing seeds into 1209 without checking the 1201–1207 exclusions. (wcoomd.org)
  2. 1205.10 (low erucic acid rape/colza) vs other rape/colza
    • Where the split happens:
      • Subheading note defines what qualifies as “low erucic acid” rape/colza (often commercial “canola”). (wcoomd.org)
    • Information needed to decide:
      • Spec/lab for erucic acid and glucosinolates per the HS subheading note (do not rely on marketing name alone). (wcoomd.org)
    • Typical mistake pattern:
      • Declaring “canola” as low-erucic without any measurable specification.
  3. 1208 (flours/meals of oilseeds) vs Chapter 23 residues (oil-cake)
    • Where the split happens:
      • Chapter Note excludes certain oil extraction residues from 1208; these typically fall under 2304–2306. (wcoomd.org)
    • Information needed to decide:
      • Production method (milling vs solvent/press extraction), fat content, whether it is “defatted meal/residue”, commercial description (“oil-cake”, “expeller cake”, “meal”).
    • Typical mistake pattern:
      • Classifying defatted soybean meal as 1208 by name alone, when it is actually residue of oil extraction.
  4. 1211 plants/parts vs “prepared products” (30/33/38)
    • Where the split happens:
      • 1211 covers plants/parts primarily for perfumery/pharmacy/etc., but excludes:
        • medicinal preparations (Chapter 30),
        • perfumery/cosmetics (Chapter 33),
        • insecticidal/fungicidal preparations (heading 3808). (wcoomd.org)
      • HS2022 also has a distinct HS6 for African cherry bark (1211.60). (wcoomd.org)
    • Information needed to decide:
      • Form (raw plant part vs extract vs dosage form), ingredient list, claims/labeling, processing steps (extraction, formulation).
      • Botanical species where relevant (especially for the 1211.60 split). (wcoomd.org)
    • Typical mistake pattern:
      • Calling a packaged supplement “just dried herb” and leaving it in 1211.
  5. 1212 seaweed “fit for human consumption” vs other seaweed vs prepared seaweed foods
    • Where the split happens:
      • 1212 subheadings separate “fit for human consumption” seaweeds from others. (wcoomd.org)
      • If roasted/seasoned/sauced or otherwise “prepared as food”, it may move to Chapter 20/21 (fact pattern dependent). (wcoomd.org)
    • Information needed to decide:
      • Processing (dried only vs roasted/seasoned), ingredient list, packaging/label claims (snack vs raw material).
    • Typical mistake pattern:
      • Using 1212 for seasoned nori snacks without checking “prepared foods” chapters.

3. Interpreting Section Notes and Chapter Notes (legal text → practical meaning)

3-1. Relevant Section Notes

  • Key points (summary):
    • In Section II (Vegetable Products), a key cross-cutting definition is “pellets”: products agglomerated by compression or by adding a binder not exceeding 3% by weight. This matters because Chapter 12 contains several headings explicitly covering goods “in pellets” (e.g., hops; straw/husks; fodder). (Census.gov)
  • Practical meaning (with concrete examples):
    • Example: alfalfa (lucerne) pellets can remain within Chapter 12 (1214) if they meet the “pellets” concept; but if you add significant binders or create a compound feed, you may drift into Chapter 23 (prepared animal feeding). (Census.gov)
    • Example: straw pellets (1213) should still be checked for binder level; “pellet” is not just “any small cylinder”—it’s a defined term for Section II. (Census.gov)
  • Typical patterns where a Section Note “moves you to another Chapter”:
    • “Pellets” made with too much binder (or with additives changing essential character) can become a “preparation” rather than a simple vegetable product; you then need a composition-and-use reassessment (often Chapter 23 or elsewhere). (Census.gov)

3-2. Chapter Notes for this Chapter

  • Key points (summary):
    • Chapter 12 has explicit scope notes that:
      • clarify what is covered by “other oil seeds and oleaginous fruits” (1207),
      • prevent misplacing oil-extraction residues into 1208,
      • restrict 1209 (sowing seeds) by excluding certain seed categories,
      • restrict 1211 and 1212 by excluding prepared products and other chapters. (wcoomd.org)
  • Definitions (if any):
    • Low erucic acid rape/colza (1205.10) is defined by measurable thresholds in the HS subheading note (this is a “lab-spec” split, not merely a commercial name split). (wcoomd.org)
  • Exclusions (state alternative Chapter/Heading explicitly):
    • 1208 excludes certain residues (typically 2304–2306). (wcoomd.org)
    • 1211 excludes medicaments (30), perfumery/cosmetics (33), and insecticidal/fungicidal preparations (3808). (wcoomd.org)
    • 1212 excludes certain microorganisms/cultures (2102/3002) and fertilisers (31). (wcoomd.org)

4. How the Chapter Notes change classification outcomes (where the code flips)

Purpose: make “note-driven splits” visible.

  • Impact point 1: Seeds “for sowing” are NOT always 1209
    • What to check (information needed):
      • Is the product a seed/fruit/spore of a kind used for sowing, and is it excluded because it is actually classifiable in 1201–1207 (oilseeds) or in 1211/1212? (wcoomd.org)
    • Evidence to collect in practice:
      • Seed certificate/specs, germination/viability documents, labeling, purchase contract (“seed for planting”), photos of packaging, treatment/coating details.
    • Typical misclassification:
      • Putting peanut seed or soybean seed into 1209 instead of staying in the relevant oilseed heading’s seed subheading. (wcoomd.org)
  • Impact point 2: 1208 (flours/meals) vs Chapter 23 residues
    • What to check (information needed):
      • Is it a flour/meal product, or is it residue/oil-cake from oil extraction? (wcoomd.org)
    • Evidence to collect in practice:
      • Process flow (milling vs extraction), fat content, “defatted” claims, COA, commercial terms (“cake”, “expeller”).
    • Typical misclassification:
      • Declaring defatted soybean meal as 1208 when it is residue (often 2304). (wcoomd.org)
  • Impact point 3: 1211 plants/parts vs “prepared” products
    • What to check (information needed):
      • Is it simply plant material (even cut/crushed/powdered), or is it a medicament, cosmetic/perfumery product, or a pesticide/insecticide preparation? (wcoomd.org)
    • Evidence to collect in practice:
      • Ingredient list, extraction/standardization, dose/claims, MSDS/SDS (if applicable), catalog/product presentation.
    • Typical misclassification:
      • Putting a retail-packed “supplement capsule” into 1211 because the active ingredient is a plant.
  • Impact point 4: 1212 seaweed and “other vegetable products” vs cultures/fertilisers
    • What to check (information needed):
      • Is it seaweed in a basic state (dried, etc.) or is it a culture/microorganism product, or a product “put up”/processed as fertiliser? (wcoomd.org)
    • Evidence to collect in practice:
      • Product specs, intended use, manufacturing process, test reports, import documentation (food vs agricultural input).
    • Typical misclassification:
      • Classifying microbial cultures used for fermentation as 1212 instead of 2102/3002.
  • Impact point 5: HS2022-specific split inside 1211 (African cherry bark)
    • What to check (information needed):
      • Botanical identification: Prunus africana bark or not.
    • Evidence to collect in practice:
      • Botanical name on invoice/spec; supplier declaration; photos; sometimes lab/botanical verification where risk is high.
    • Typical misclassification:
      • Continuing to use “1211.90 other” for African cherry bark after HS2022 created 1211.60. (wcoomd.org)

5. Common mistakes in practice (cause → correction)

Write 5–10 items using this exact pattern:

  1. Mistake: Classifying “seed for planting” automatically as 1209
    • Why it happens:
      • Operational teams treat 1209 as a universal “seed for sowing” bucket.
    • Correct approach (which Note / which Heading logic supports it):
      • Check Chapter 12 note logic: 1209 excludes products of 1201–1207 even if used for sowing. (wcoomd.org)
    • Prevention (documents to verify / internal questions to ask):
      • “Is the seed an oilseed covered by 1201–1207?”
      • Verify: seed certificates, packaging, intended use statements.
  2. Mistake: Using 1208 for defatted meals/oil-cake residues
    • Why it happens:
      • Commercial terms “meal” and “flour” are used for both milling products and extraction residues.
    • Correct approach (which Note / which Heading logic supports it):
      • Chapter 12 note excludes certain residues (2304–2306) from 1208. (wcoomd.org)
    • Prevention (documents to verify / internal questions to ask):
      • Ask: “Was oil extracted (press/solvent)?”
      • Verify: process flow + fat content + COA.
  3. Mistake: Treating prepared/roasted seeds as Chapter 12
    • Why it happens:
      • Teams focus on raw ingredient identity (“it’s sunflower seed”) and ignore processing.
    • Correct approach (which Note / which Heading logic supports it):
      • Prepared/preserved plant products generally belong in Chapter 20/21 depending on preparation. (wcoomd.org)
    • Prevention (documents to verify / internal questions to ask):
      • Check: ingredient list, roasting/seasoning, retail snack packaging.
  4. Mistake: Classifying supplement/medicinal preparations as 1211
    • Why it happens:
      • “Herb = 1211” shortcut.
    • Correct approach (which Note / which Heading logic supports it):
      • 1211 excludes medicaments and certain prepared products (30/33/3808). (wcoomd.org)
    • Prevention (documents to verify / internal questions to ask):
      • Ask: “Is there a dosage form? medicinal claim? standardized extract?”
      • Verify: labels, claims, formulation details.
  5. Mistake: Not checking the HS-note definition for 1205.10 (low erucic acid rapeseed/canola)
    • Why it happens:
      • “Canola” is treated as synonymous with the HS definition.
    • Correct approach (which Note / which Heading logic supports it):
      • Use the HS subheading note thresholds (requires actual spec/lab support). (wcoomd.org)
    • Prevention (documents to verify / internal questions to ask):
      • Require COA/spec sheet that supports the thresholds; keep in the audit file.
  6. Mistake: Misclassifying seaweed products by ignoring “prepared as food”
    • Why it happens:
      • Seaweed is assumed to be 1212 regardless of seasoning/processing.
    • Correct approach (which Note / which Heading logic supports it):
      • If the seaweed is prepared/preserved as a food, check Chapter 20/21. (wcoomd.org)
    • Prevention (documents to verify / internal questions to ask):
      • Collect full ingredient statement and processing description.
  7. Mistake: Missing the HS2022 split for African cherry bark
    • Why it happens:
      • Master data still reflects HS2017 codes.
    • Correct approach (which Note / which Heading logic supports it):
      • HS2022 created a dedicated 1211.60 line; update master data and mapping files. (wcoomd.org)
    • Prevention (documents to verify / internal questions to ask):
      • Maintain HS edition mapping documentation for agreements and for customs declarations.

6. Points to watch for FTA/EPA origin certification

6-1. Relationship between HS classification and PSR (Product-Specific Rules)

  • HS assignment drives PSR selection (misclassification breaks the origin analysis).
    • If the finished good’s HS6 is wrong, you may select the wrong PSR (e.g., wrong CTC level, wrong RVC requirement). (財務省関税局)
  • Common pitfalls:
    • Confusing HS for inputs/materials vs HS for the finished good (PSR typically applies to the finished good’s classification). (Australian Border Force Website)
    • Treating “seed → oil → cake” as the same product family; the HS chapter shifts (12 → 15 → 23) often changes PSR logic. (wcoomd.org)
    • Not retaining mapping evidence when an agreement uses an older HS edition. (international.gc.ca)

6-2. HS version differences referenced by agreements (HS2012 / HS2017 / HS2022)

Agreement HS-edition reality check (examples relevant to Japan):

Agreement (example)HS edition used in ROO/PSR annexWhere evidencedPractical caution
CPTPPHS 2012Annex 3‑D tables explicitly show “HS Classification (HS 2012)”. (international.gc.ca)If you classify operationally in HS2022, you may need a HS2022 → HS2012 mapping to pick the correct PSR.
RCEP (original PSR)HS 2012RCEP Annex 3A headnotes state it is based on the 2012 Edition. (Australian Border Force Website)For early-period documents/systems you may still see HS2012 references; mapping issues can block clearance in some countries if HS editions differ.
RCEP (transposed PSR)HS 2022Transposed PSR states adoption 30 Jun 2022 and implementation from 1 Jan 2023. (財務省関税局)For shipments/COs around the transition, confirm which PSR version and which HS is required by the issuing authority/import country practice.
Japan–EU EPAHS 2017Annex (PSR) format states “Harmonized System classification (2017)”. (外務省)If your ERP uses HS2022, maintain a HS2022 → HS2017 mapping for origin determinations.

Standard caution when agreement HS edition differs from HS2022 (recommended practice):
When an agreement refers to an older HS edition (e.g., HS2012 or HS2017) while your operational classification uses HS2022, misalignment can cause PSR selection errors. Practical approach: (1) classify the finished good in HS2022, (2) map HS2022 → agreement HS edition using an official correlation table or agreement-provided transposition guidance, (3) apply PSR in the agreement’s HS edition, and (4) keep an audit trail showing the mapping logic and sources. (international.gc.ca)

6-3. Practical checklist (data needed for origin analysis)

  • BOM / material list (identify non-originating materials and their HS codes)
  • Cost data (for RVC-type rules), valuation assumptions, EXW/FOB definitions used in the agreement context
  • Processing steps and where they occur (country-by-country)
  • Retention plan (supplier declarations, costing worksheets, manufacturing records, mapping evidence when HS editions differ) (Australian Border Force Website)

7. Differences between HS2022 and earlier HS editions (what changed and why)

7-1. Change summary (REQUIRED TABLE)

Comparison (e.g., HS2017→HS2022)Change type (new / deleted / split / merged / wording / scope)Codes affectedPractical meaning of the changeOperational impact
HS2017 → HS2022Split / new subheading1211.60 (new); 1211.90 (scope reduced)African cherry bark (Prunus africana) becomes separately identifiable at HS6 instead of being bundled in “other”. (財務省関税局)Update master data, origin PSR mappings, and compliance screening (potential CITES documentation). (cites.org)
HS2017 → HS2022No other HS6 structural change observed in Chapter 12 (based on WCO chapter extracts)Chapter 12 (other headings/subheadings)Apart from 1211.60, the Chapter 12 HS structure appears consistent in WCO extracts. (wcoomd.org)Still confirm local tariff line subdivisions (national codes) and any administrative updates by country. (財務省関税局)

7-2. Why it changed (REQUIRED)

  • Sources relied on:
    • WCO HS2017 Chapter 12 extract (shows 1211.60 not present). (wcoomd.org)
    • WCO HS2022 Chapter 12 extract (shows 1211.60 present). (wcoomd.org)
    • HS2022↔HS2017 correlation/amendment table showing the split with rationale. (財務省関税局)
    • CITES listing context for African cherry (Prunus africana) (relevant for compliance impact discussion). (cites.org)
  • Explanation (what changed and why):
    • Based on the HS2022–HS2017 correlation table and the WCO Chapter 12 extracts, HS2022 introduced subheading 1211.60 for bark of African cherry (Prunus africana) and correspondingly narrowed the catch-all “other” subheading coverage. (財務省関税局)
    • The correlation table’s stated rationale is linked to monitoring/identifying this specific botanical product in trade (practical compliance impact: screening and permits). (財務省関税局)

8. HS codes added or removed before HS2022 (historical perspective)

Major “shape changes” in Chapter 12 across HS2007 → HS2012 → HS2017 → HS2022 (high-level, not exhaustive):

PeriodChange highlights (Chapter 12)Example mapping / commentPractical takeaway
HS2007 → HS2012Multiple operationally useful HS6 splits added in oilseeds and related items (e.g., seed vs other, more specific seed categories). (財務省関税局)Examples include new specificity such as a distinct “seed” line for peanuts, and added specific oilseed categories under 1207. (財務省関税局)Older master data (HS2007 era) often “over-buckets” oilseeds into a few lines; HS2012+ improves specificity—be careful when mapping old contracts/CO templates.
HS2012 → HS20171211 scope expanded to include chilled/frozen forms; new specific subheading for ephedra introduced (per correlation table). (財務省関税局)Some products formerly classified elsewhere may have been pulled into 1211 scope due to the condition/state expansion; correlation table documents the changes. (財務省関税局)Condition/state (fresh vs chilled/frozen vs dried) matters for medicinal/industrial plants; ensure your descriptions capture it.
HS2017 → HS2022New HS6 1211.60 for African cherry bark; other Chapter 12 HS6 lines largely stable. (財務省関税局)1211.90 “other” reduced; 1211.60 created. (財務省関税局)Targeted compliance-sensitive botanical splits can be “small but high impact” for permits/origin/master data.

9. Clearance trouble scenarios caused by violating Notes (case-style)

Provide 3–5 cases in this exact pattern:

  • Case name (short): “Seed packets for planting mis-declared as 1209”
    • What went wrong (which Chapter Note / Section Note was violated):
      • 1209 was used without checking that certain seeds remain classifiable under 1201–1207 even if for sowing. (wcoomd.org)
    • Why it happens (product naming, set treatment, end-use misunderstanding, processing state misunderstanding, etc.):
      • Sales says “seed for planting”; broker maps to 1209; no one checks crop type or chapter-note exclusions.
    • Typical impacts (general: amendments, additional duty/tax, increased inspection, delays, etc.):
      • Post-entry amendment, documentary requests, potential origin/FTA mismatch if PSR was selected for wrong HS code.
    • Prevention (advance ruling, pre-check, document readiness, etc.):
      • Require seed category review + seed documentation; consider advance classification ruling for recurring SKUs. (財務省関税局)
  • Case name (short): “Defatted soybean meal treated as 1208 instead of residue”
    • What went wrong (which Chapter Note / Section Note was violated):
      • Note-driven exclusion of extraction residues from 1208 was not considered. (wcoomd.org)
    • Why it happens:
      • “Meal” naming overlap; missing process description.
    • Typical impacts:
      • Reclassification, possible tariff/FTA PSR impacts, SPS/feed controls screening changes.
    • Prevention:
      • Collect process flow and COA; standardize invoice description: “residue of oil extraction / oil-cake” when applicable.
  • Case name (short): “Seasoned seaweed snack declared as 1212”
    • What went wrong:
      • Basic seaweed heading used although product is a prepared food. (wcoomd.org)
    • Why it happens:
      • Ingredient list ignored; “seaweed = 1212” shortcut.
    • Typical impacts:
      • Holds for labeling/food import controls; possible reclassification.
    • Prevention:
      • Always capture ingredient list and processing; decide if it’s “prepared/preserved” food category.
  • Case name (short): “African cherry bark still declared under old ‘other’ code”
    • What went wrong:
    • Why it happens:
      • ERP/master data not updated after HS change; mapping table missing.
    • Typical impacts:
      • Misdeclaration risk; increased scrutiny due to potential CITES relevance. (cites.org)
    • Prevention:
      • Update master data; run periodic “HS edition delta” checks; keep CITES screening workflow for relevant botanicals.

10. Import/export regulatory considerations (compliance)

  • For Japan, summarize frequent regulations/permits/quarantine relevant to this Chapter (only if applicable)
  • Use these axes (only those that apply):
    • Quarantine / sanitary & phytosanitary (SPS)
      • Typical triggers (Chapter 12 relevance):
        • Seeds, grains, straw/husks, fodder materials can trigger plant quarantine inspection requirements. (農林水産省)
      • What to verify:
        • Whether a phytosanitary certificate is required; whether the item is restricted/prohibited; inspection/treatment steps upon arrival.
      • Official places to verify (agencies / official guides / contact points):
        • MAFF / Plant Protection Station (Plant Quarantine) guidance. (農林水産省)
      • Typical preparatory documents (general):
        • Phytosanitary certificate (if required), commercial invoice with botanical name, packing list, inspection/treatment records.
    • CITES / species restrictions
      • Typical triggers:
        • Certain plant species/parts used in medicinal trade can be listed under CITES.
      • Chapter 12 example:
        • African cherry (Prunus africana) is listed under CITES Appendix II (compliance impact: permit chain for cross-border trade). (cites.org)
      • What to verify:
        • Species identity, listing status, and required export/import permits and documentation.
    • Other permits / notifications
      • Food import procedures (Japan):
        • If the Chapter 12 item is imported as food (e.g., edible seeds, seaweed, sugar cane products), a food import notification/procedure may apply under Japan’s food import control framework. (mhlw.go.jp)
      • Controlled substances / special plant materials:
        • Some named 1211 items (e.g., coca leaf, poppy straw) may implicate Japan’s import-related laws (high-risk; confirm legality/permits with competent authorities). (wcoomd.org)
  • Official places to verify (agencies / official guides / contact points):
    • Japan Customs regulatory portals and lists of import-related laws. (財務省関税局)
    • MAFF Plant Quarantine / Plant Protection Station. (農林水産省)
    • MHLW food import procedure guidance. (mhlw.go.jp)
    • CITES official species/listing information. (cites.org)
  • Typical preparatory documents (general):
    • Specs/COA, botanical name/species, process description, invoice description aligned with HS terms, phytosanitary certificate (if required), any CITES permits (if applicable), and (for FTA) origin support docs. (農林水産省)

11. Practical checklist (classification → clearance → origin → regulations)

  • Before classification (collect product information)
    • Botanical name (genus/species) and plant part (seed/leaf/root/bark).
    • Condition (fresh/dried/chilled/frozen), physical form (whole/broken/ground), and processing (roasted? extracted? defatted? seasoned?).
    • Intended use (sowing vs food vs oil extraction vs pharma/perfumery vs fodder). (wcoomd.org)
  • After classification (re-check Notes / exclusions / boundaries)
    • 1209 vs 1201–1207 exclusions; 1208 vs 2304–2306; 1211 vs 30/33/3808; 1212 vs 2102/3002/31. (wcoomd.org)
  • Before declaration (invoice description, units, supporting documents)
    • Invoice description should include: botanical name, processing state, and key qualifiers (“not roasted”, “in pellets”, “for sowing”, etc.).
    • If using national codes: label them explicitly as “Japan national/statistical code” (do not confuse with HS6). (財務省関税局)
  • FTA/EPA checks (PSR, materials, processes, retention)
    • Confirm the agreement’s HS edition (HS2012/HS2017/HS2022) and keep your mapping evidence. (international.gc.ca)
  • Regulatory checks (permits/notifications/inspection)
    • Plant quarantine: confirm certificates/inspection steps for seeds/grains/straw/fodder. (農林水産省)
    • Food imports: confirm notification requirements if sold as food. (mhlw.go.jp)
    • Species controls: screen for CITES where relevant (e.g., 1211.60 species). (cites.org)
    • Consider advance rulings for recurring products / high-risk boundaries.
      • Japan Customs provides an Advance Classification Ruling System (and also advance rulings on origin). (財務省関税局)

12. References (sources)

For each web source, include “Accessed: YYYY-MM-DD”.

  • [WCO-HS-CH12-2022] “HS Nomenclature 2022 — Chapter 12 (0212_2022E)” — World Customs Organization. (wcoomd.org) Accessed: 2026-02-17.
  • [WCO-HS-CH12-2017] “HS Nomenclature 2017 — Chapter 12 (0212_2017E)” — World Customs Organization. (wcoomd.org) Accessed: 2026-02-17.
  • [WCO-HS-CH12-2012] “HS Nomenclature 2012 — Chapter 12 (0212_2012E)” — World Customs Organization. (wcoomd.org) Accessed: 2026-02-17.
  • [WCO-HS-CH12-2007] “HS Nomenclature 2007 — Chapter 12 (0212_2007E)” — World Customs Organization. (wcoomd.org) Accessed: 2026-02-17.
  • [JP-CUSTOMS-CORR-2022-2017] “CORRELATING THE 2022 VERSION TO THE 2017 (PDF)” — Japan Customs / MoF Japan. (財務省関税局) Accessed: 2026-02-17.
  • [JP-CUSTOMS-CORR-2017-2012] “CORRELATING THE 2017 VERSION TO THE 2012 (PDF)” — Japan Customs / MoF Japan. (財務省関税局) Accessed: 2026-02-17.
  • [JP-CUSTOMS-CORR-2012-2007] “CORRELATING THE 2012 VERSION TO THE 2007 (PDF)” — Japan Customs / MoF Japan. (財務省関税局) Accessed: 2026-02-17.
  • [FTA-CPTPP-PSR] “CPTPP Consolidated Text — Annex 3‑D Product‑Specific Rules of Origin” — Government of Canada (official publication). (international.gc.ca) Accessed: 2026-02-17.
  • [FTA-RCEP-PSR-HS2012] “RCEP Annex 3A Product‑Specific Rules — HS2012” — Australian Border Force (official publication of Annex). (Australian Border Force Website) Accessed: 2026-02-17.
  • [FTA-RCEP-PSR-HS2022] “RCEP Product‑Specific Rules (transposed) — HS2022 (implemented 1 Jan 2023)” — Japan Customs. (財務省関税局) Accessed: 2026-02-17.
  • [FTA-JP-EU-PSR] “Japan–EU EPA Annex (Product specific rules of origin) — HS classification (2017)” — Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. (外務省) Accessed: 2026-02-17.
  • [JP-MAFF-PLANT-QUAR] “Plant Quarantine Inspections (imports)” — MAFF / Plant Protection Station. (農林水産省) Accessed: 2026-02-17.
  • [JP-MAFF-PLANT-QUAR-LEAFLET] “Plant Quarantine in Japan (leaflet PDF)” — MAFF / Plant Protection Station. (農林水産省) Accessed: 2026-02-17.
  • [JP-MHLW-FOOD-IMPORT] “Food Import Procedures / Import Notification guidance” — Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (Japan). (mhlw.go.jp) Accessed: 2026-02-17.
  • [JP-CUSTOMS-LAWS] “Import-related laws and regulations (Japan Customs list)” — Japan Customs. (財務省関税局) Accessed: 2026-02-17.
  • [CITES-PRUNUS-AFRICANA] “African cherry (Prunus africana) — CITES listing information” — CITES. (cites.org) Accessed: 2026-02-17.
  • [JP-CUSTOMS-TARIFF] “Japan’s Tariff Schedule (Statistical Code for Import)” — Japan Customs. (財務省関税局) Accessed: 2026-02-17.
  • [JP-CUSTOMS-HS-EXPLANATION] “Outline of Tariff Classification (FAQ)” — Japan Customs. (財務省関税局) Accessed: 2026-02-17.
  • [JP-CUSTOMS-STAT-CODE] “Code lists — Trade Statistics of Japan (9‑digit statistical code = HS6 + domestic code)” — Japan Customs. (財務省関税局) Accessed: 2026-02-17.
  • [JP-CUSTOMS-ADV-CLASS] “Advance Ruling on Classification” — Japan Customs. (財務省関税局) Accessed: 2026-02-17.
  • [JP-CUSTOMS-ADV-ORIGIN] “Advance Ruling on Origin” — Japan Customs. (財務省関税局) Accessed: 2026-02-17.
  • [SECTION-II-PELLETS] “Section II Note (pellets definition)” — U.S. Census Bureau Schedule B Section II Notes (used here only to evidence the standard Section II pellet definition). (Census.gov) Accessed: 2026-02-17.
  • Internal knowledge files used (provided by user environment):
    • HS2022_Chapter_Template_v1.1.md
    • Sources_Index.md
    • FTA_HS_Edition_Map.md
    • JP_Regulatory_Notes.md
    • Disclaimer_v1.1.txt

Disclaimer (MUST BE INCLUDED VERBATIM; DO NOT MODIFY)

This material is provided for general informational purposes regarding HS classification, customs clearance, FTA/EPA rules of origin, and import/export regulations. It does not constitute legal advice, tax advice, customs advice, or a definitive classification ruling for any specific transaction. Final HS classification is determined by the customs authority of the importing/exporting country, and classification outcomes may differ for the same or similar products depending on specifications, composition, end-use, form, degree of processing, commercial reality, documentation, and other transaction-specific facts. Tariff rates, origin rules, import/export regulations, permits, and inspection requirements may change due to legal amendments or administrative updates; you must always verify the latest official laws, regulations, public notices, and agreement texts. For important transactions, you should consider using the customs advance ruling system and/or consulting qualified professionals (customs brokers, attorneys, tax advisors) and conduct appropriate verification before making decisions. The author assumes no liability for any damages arising from the use of, or inability to use, this material.

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